In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 40 patients with type 2 diabetes with overt nephropathy, those randomized to curcumin, the active ingredient in turmeric, were noted to have significantly decreased proteinuria, serum levels of TGF-β, and serum and urinary levels of IL-8 when compared to controls [174]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.