TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: It has been reported that synthesis and release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin- (IL-) 10, and IL-6 and growth factors such as transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) [8–13] may be involved in pathogenesis of T2D and its complications.