APP and Alzheimer disease: Most of the cases of AD are believed to be “sporadic” and their causal factors are still unknown for the vast majority of patients; on the other hand, genetic factors cause about 2% of all AD cases and include mutations in APP (Aβ protein precursor), presenilin-1 and presenilin-2 genes, and polymorphisms in apolipoprotein allele E4 [135, 136].