Although some studies in the literature have mentioned a possible carcinogenic effect of BMSC infusion in patients with chronic liver diseases, especially if in vitro pre-expanded [11], our data showed that after 12 months of follow-up by ultrasonography and s-AFP only one patient (3.3 %) in G-I (single infusion) and none in G-II (repeated infusion) were diagnosed with HCC compared with two patients (6.7 %) in the control group. The gene discussed is AFP; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.