CXCL9 and temporal arteritis: In GCA, high serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, IL-10, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 (CXCL9) and BAFF are associated with active disease while serum levels of CC chemokines CCL2 and CCL11 are decreased at disease onset [10–14].