SMAD7 and neurodegenerative disease: miR-181c down-regulation has been shown to be associated with imatinib resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia [32], while in neurodegenerative diseases, glioblastoma and neuroblastoma (NB) studies it has been demonstrated to repress TGFβ1 [33], to attenuate self-renewal ability [34] and to inhibit NB cell growth and metastasis-related traits through the suppression of Smad7 [35] respectively.