Because peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ agonists have been reported to increase expression of LXRα and ABCA1 and attenuate atherosclerosis [9], we hypothesized that thiazolidinediones (TZD), synthetic PPARγ agonists, may attenuate ER stress induced by SFA through up-regulation of SCD-1. The gene discussed is SCD; the disease is atherosclerosis.