CVB-specific antibodies and enteroviral RNA are more frequently observed in serum samples from T1D patients than in healthy individuals (Helfand et al., 1995; Lonnrot et al., 2000), and staining of human pancreatic islets revealed that the enteroviral capsid protein VP1 is present at a higher frequency in insulin-containing islets from patients with recent-onset T1D when compared to healthy controls (Dotta et al., 2007; Richardson et al., 2013). Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.