Ichino et al (25) enrolled a total of 34 patients diagnosed with vesicoureteral reflux without evidence of current urinary tract infection and 28 normal healthy children in a prospective study and reported that Urinary NGAL levels were significantly high in the VUR group but, urinary NGAL levels do not appear to reflect the severity of VUR. This evidence concerns the gene LCN2 and vesicoureteral reflux.