Several cytokines and chemokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), IL-1β,-6, −10,-8 and-13 and IFN-γ, were indicated to be associated with brainstem encephalitis (BE) and pulmonary edema (PE) caused by EV71 infection in the previous studies [9,14,15]. Here, TNF is linked to pulmonary edema.