AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: Work from Hoshida and colleagues [26] showed that the “late” TGF-β signature as defined by Coulouarn and colleagues was strongly associated with one of their 3 HCC subclasses, the S1 subclass characterized by activation of the TGF-β and Wnt pathways whereas their S2 subclass, which is still associated with poor prognostic HCC, was characterized by Myc and AKT activation and positive EpCAM gene signatures as well as elevated serum AFP levels [26].