To study the effects of galunisertib on intracellular signalling, HCC cells were incubated in serum-free medium overnight and treated with 5 ng/mL of TGF-β for 1 hour followed by the addition of 1 or 10 μM galunisertib for 5 and 24 hours. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.