JUN and hepatocellular carcinoma: As described in Figure 3 and 4, the migration and invasion of HCC cells were almost completely inhibited when JNK was blocked by SP600125, while blocking TGF-β signaling partly inhibited the migration and invasion of HCC cells, which also strongly suggests that JNK-mediated the phosphorylation of Smad2L and JNK/AP-1/TGF-β-mediated the phosphorylation of Smad2C in HCC cells are two important signaling arms required for maximizing MUC1-promoted HCC cell migration and invasion (Figure 7).