TBCE and infection: Upon infection, hrHPV alters the immune-related response of KCs to various innate and adaptive immune stimuli, resulting in impaired expression of IFN-stimulated genes, interferon regulatory transcription factor-induced genes and NFκB-induced genes3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, suggesting that HPV hampers STAT1 and NFκB activation.