We have shown that an early increase in pNGAL after adult cardiac surgery was associated with short-term outcomes including a higher risk of AKI as defined by serum creatinine elevations, prolonged hospitalization, receipt of acute dialysis and death during hospitalization.[5,8] We demonstrated that post-operative rise in urinary NGAL in the setting of AKI in cardiac surgery is associated with long-term outcomes (3-year mortality).[6] However, the association of post-operative pNGAL with long-term mortality is currently unknown. The gene discussed is LCN2; the disease is acute kidney injury.