LCN2 and cardiovascular disorder: A study of community-dwelling older adults demonstrated that a baseline NGAL value of > 192 ng/ml was independently associated (even after adjusting for eGFR) with cardiovascular disease outcomes and mortality after 11 years of follow up.[22] In a cohort of 5599 community dwelling adults, baseline pNGAL was independently associated with cardiovascular mortality at 10-year follow-up.[23] Similarly, in our study pre-operative (baseline) pNGAL was associated with increased mortality if it was detectable (lower limit of detection 60 ng/ml), even after adjustment for eGFR.