TUBB4A and cerebral malformation: Tubulinopathies caused by the mutations of the genes encoding alpha- or beta-tubulin demonstrate more extensive phenotypes compared to other gene mutations, such as LIS1, DCX, or RELN. Mutations of TUBA1A, which encodes alpha-tubulin 1A, is the most frequently found in patients with brain malformations, while more genes encoding beta-tubulin, such as TUBB2A, TUBB2B, TUBB3, TUBB4A, and TUBB, are identified in a wide spectrum of disorders besides brain malformations.