NUBPL and Encephalopathy: Similarly, another evolutionarily conserved protein involved in CI assembly [Ind1 in Y. lipolytica; NUBPL (nucleotide-binding-like) in humans] that is required for inserting Fe-S centers (see Box 2) in the peripheral arm of this complex was found, and mutations of this protein were associated with encephalopathies (Calvo et al., 2010; Sheftel et al., 2009).