In contrast, a recent update from the Jackson Heart Study, which was not included in the systematic review and meta-analysis [33], reported that, among 4,571 Jackson Heart Study participants, followed for an average of 6.2 years, with occurrence of 98 incident CHD and 87 incident ischemic stroke events, leptin was not associated with incident CHD or incident stroke [34], So, at first glance based on the available evidence, including our data, leptin does not seem to be an independent predictor CVD. Here, LEP is linked to ischemic stroke.