PINK1 and Parkinson disease: To date, several regulators of cellular physiology, including transcription factors that regulate hypoxic responses, caspase-generated pro-apoptotic protein fragments, neurodegeneration-associated protein fragments, proteolytic fragment of BRCA1 (breast cancer susceptibility type 1 protein), and PINK1 (a Parkinson disease-related mitochondrial protein) have been identified as substrates of the Arg/N-end rule pathway in plants and mammals (Gibbs et al. 2011; Licausi et al. 2011; Piatkov et al. 2012; Xu et al. 2012; Brower et al. 2013; Yamamoto and Youle 2013).