In carcinogenesis, loss of PTEN is commonly observed in tumours of the colon.51, 52 Activated AKT phosphorylates numerous substrates such as GSK-3β and FoxO1/3a that are involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression, survival, protein translation and metabolism53 (reviewed in Carnero54). The gene discussed is AKT1; the disease is colonic neoplasm.