CRP and myocardial infarction: 61 Considering the standardised mean difference of 0.2 (equivalent to a Fisher's z of 0.1), individuals with a history of childhood trauma would show an average CRP increase of 0.84 mg l−1, or a mean CRP value of 3.5 mg l−1, which is above the threshold of 3 mg l−1 acknowledged as risk factor for future heart attack, stroke and development of diabetes.62 Thus, inflammatory activation as a consequence of childhood trauma is best conceptualised as a subtle effect that is likely to have a significant impact on physical and mental health.