TGFB1 and chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps: At 24 h, the release of activin A (p = 0.015) (Fig 3A) and follistatin (p = 0.005) (Fig 3B) was higher in CRSwNP than in CRSsNP; in contrast, the release of TGF-β1 (p = 0.036) (Fig 3C) was lower in CRSwNP than in CRSsNP.