The previous finding in white patients that CRSsNP is primarily a Th1 response, whereas CRSwNP is associated with Th2 polarization [21], is consistent with the higher protein concentrations of TGF-β1 and IFNγ and the lower concentrations of IL-5 and ECP in CRSsNP compared with CRSwNP tissue homogenates in this study. Here, TGFB1 is linked to chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.