TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In an attempt to reproduce the dysmetabolic and pro-inflammatory milieu causally linked to adipocyte dysfunction, we examined the effects of HT and OA on cultured adipocytes stimulated with the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, which is elevated in obesity and T2DM and is known to reduce adiponectin expression and secretion [24].