HAMP and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: As described in the patients and methods section all affected patients presented signs and/or symptoms of iron overload including high serum iron, high serum ferritin, and high transferrin saturation levels, low hepcidin levels, liver iron overload, diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis or fibrosis, and other associated complications typically of HH (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, arthropathy) at an early age (Table1).