We have previously demonstrated that even in the absence of a host systemic inflammatory/immune response to the parasite, ventricular arrhythmias can be induced by Lister 427 trypanosomes ex vivo due to the effect of a secreted/excreted protease, T. brucei cathepsin-L (TbCatL), on cardiomyocytes [24]. This evidence concerns the gene CTSL and Ventricular arrhythmia.