CD38 and chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCR-ABL1 positive: Of note, we demonstrated that TWIST-1 expression level was significantly higher in CD34+CD38− immature cells from AML and CML patients compared with those from CB, suggesting that although TWIST-1 plays roles in both leukemia and normal stem cells, it may be functionally more critical for leukemia than for normal stem cells [50].