The expression level of M-CSF has been found to be associated with higher histological tumor grading, more frequent metastases, and poor prognosis in many cancer types, including papillary renal cell carcinoma, serous and mucinous ovarian epithelial tumors, endometrioid carcinomas, breast cancer, and especially HCC [51, 56–59]. Here, CSF1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.