AKT1 and infection: In line with our hypothesis, infection with ExoT or ExoT/ADPRT-expressing strains (∆U and ∆U/T(G-A+) respectively) reduced Akt activation (p-AktS473) levels by 6hr and p-Akt-mediated GSK-3β phosphorylation (inactivation) by 8hr post-infection (Fig 2A).