SMAD2 and Hepatic fibrosis: Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is one of the most important fibrogenic cytokines,[1] and TGF-β1-Smad signalling pathway is the major pathway involved in hepatic fibrosis,[2] in which Smad2/3 works as an intermediate step to specifically transduce signals from TGF-β.[3] On the other hand, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a newly discovered cytokine playing a key role in the pathogenesis of tissue and organ fibrosis.