TNFAIP3 and infection: Also IL1B, IL8, and IL17A were highly up-regulated (>100 fold) at 6 h p.i. More moderate regulation was seen for IL18, TNF, IFNG, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulation factor (CSF2), and the inflammatory marker TNFAIP3. These displayed maximum up-regulation less than 10-fold within the first 48 h of infection.