While upregulation CaV1.3 has been observed in prostate cancer and its pharmacological blockade inhibits growth in prostate cancer cell lines, the CaV1 blocker, nifedipine, however, has been implicated in the proliferation of certain cancers and its effects are likely not mediated by blocking CaV channels [88,91]. This evidence concerns the gene CACNA1D and Familial prostate cancer.