Anti-angiogenic rPAI-123, a truncated isoform of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), greatly reduced VV, especially the second order VV, with a 37% reduction in total vessel area and a 43% reduction in vessel length in atherogenic female ApoB-48−/−/Ldlr−/− mice through inhibition of bFGF, suggesting a significant therapeutic potential of this anti-angiogenic protease inhibitor peptide in atherosclerosis [176]. This evidence concerns the gene SERPINE1 and atherosclerosis.