Specifically, increased levels of BMP-2 exert proinflammatory, proatherogenic effects by inducing oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction and have been shown to promote plaque calcification by inducing an osteogenic phenotype in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) [7,8] In the coronary arteries, BMP-2 is regulated by inflammatory stimuli [9] and its upregulation in the vasculature may also be related to oxidative stress, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia [10,11]. Here, BMP2 is linked to endothelial dysfunction.