INS and diabetes mellitus: The pre-pregnancy BMI range was 19.8–35.6 kg/m2 (mean: 26.8 ± 3.93 kg/m2) for GDM and 19–31.1 kg/m2 (mean: 24.1 ± 3.55 kg/m2) for controls (p = 0.28); 40.9% of individuals managed the diabetes with appropriate diet therapy and exercise, while 59.1% of patients required four to eight units of insulin therapy over the entire prenatal period.