INS and memory impairment: Recent findings from our lab support this hypothesis: intrahippocampal insulin moves GluT4 to the neuronal membrane and enhances both hippocampal memory processes and local glucose metabolism (McNay et al., 2010), while blockade of hippocampal insulin or other treatments that impair GluT4 translocation cause marked memory impairment (McNay et al., 2010; Pearson-Leary and McNay, 2012; Pearson-Leary, 2013); these findings hence offer support for the GluT4-related conclusions of the present review.