TNF and stroke disorder: Stroke subjects also showed higher cytokine plasma levels such as TNF-α (28.2 ± 29.3 vs 12.3 ± 4.5 pg/mL; P = 0.0001), IL-1β (7.9 ± 2.6 vs 4.7 ± 1.6 pg/mL; P = 0.0001) and IL-6 (8.2 ± 2.4 vs 4.2 ± 1.5 pg/mL; P = 0.0001) compared to controls (see Table 1).