Others have reported that serum concentrations of MCP-1/CCL2, MIP-1/CCL4, RANTES/CCL5 and IP10/CXCL10 in patients with SLE are significantly higher than healthy controls and that MCP-1/CCL2 was positively associated with disease activity in SL [43,44]. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and systemic lupus erythematosus.