PS-peptide also increased mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation in rat pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells [49] and promotes Schwann cell survival via the ERK and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)–Akt pathway [20,50]. This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and hereditary pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma.