In all glioma, we found that 3-fold down-regulation of PEDF expression (81 out of 254 patients) correlated with a better survival rate (Fig 8A; p < 0.001), and low expression of PEDF showed increased survival rate in patients with GBMs and astrocytoma (Fig 8B and 8C; p < 0.05). This evidence concerns the gene SERPINF1 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).