MTOR and cardiac hypertrophy: 2008). Induction of mechanisms associated with pathological cardiac hypertrophy may be counter to mechanisms associated with exercise-induced physiological hypertrophy. Indeed, alterations in mTOR signaling and increased energy stress have been observed in the heart following DOX treatment (Gratia et al. 2012). Despite several studies showing a prophylactic cardioprotective effect of exercise prior to DOX administration (Scott et al. 2011), little is known about whether DOX alters the Akt–AMPK–mTOR axis in the trained heart (Ashour et al. 2012; Singla 2014).