Maternal high salt diet-induced upregulation of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNFα along with the macrophage marker CD68 in male placentas (HF diet × salt × sex interaction P < 0.05) with post hoc tests determining significance in SD groups, however, only TNFα was significant with HF and HFSD placentas (Fig.3). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and hydrops fetalis.