Curiously, obesity (which one of the major underlying cause of the metabolic syndrome) was shown to promote phosphorylation of PPAR-γ at Ser273 (pSer273), and this PTM is correlated with the dysregulation of a subset of PPAR-γ target genes (such as the insulin-sensitizing adipokines such as adiponectin and adipsin), many of which are dysregulated in obesity (Choi et al., 2010). Here, INS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.