IGF1 and heart disorder: With respect to IGF-1 immunohistochemical expression, on division of the samples into healthy non-alcoholic donors (controls) and cases (the latter including hypertension, chronic alcohol consumption and other causes of cardiac disease), the IGF-1 expression index was 0.0439 ± 0.0127 versus 0.0219 ± 0.0026, respectively, with a significant decrease in IGF-1 myocardial expression in cases compared to controls (p=0.007) (Figure 3).