TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: Accordingly, to better understand the MDR2−/− model of HCC, MDR2−/− mice underwent testing for: 1) HCC biomarker serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) ELISA; 2) oxidative metabolism by 11C-acetate PET/CT; 3) glycolytic metabolism by 18 F-FDG PET/CT; 4) lipid metabolism by lysophosphatidic acid variant profile tandem mass spectroscopy; 5) cellular signaling by circulating cAMP ELISA and 6) inflammatory cytokine modulation by hepatic TNFα ELISA.