TGFB1 and breast carcinoma: The loss of TGFβR2 is associated with poor clinical prognosis and is a predictor of poor prognosis in early stage breast cancer but overexpression of the TGFβ ligand is associated with the metastatic phenotype in many tumors [35, 36], and Davies et al. reported that TGFβ enhanced metastasis in Ras-transfected human malignant epidermal keratinocytes [37].