With regard to insulin injection therapy among all DM patients, rapid-acting (AHR = 0.40 (0.27–0.60)), long-acting (AHR = 0.60 (0.54–0.77)), and combination insulin treatment (AHR = 0.71 (0.58–0.86)) significantly reduced the risk of developing cancer at any site (all p<0.001) (Table 5). Here, INS is linked to cancer.