The involvement of IFNs, either type I or II or both, in the immunopathogenesis of AAD is strongly suggested by several observations in both clinical and experimental settings: Individuals treated with IFN-α for viral infections or cancer have developed autoantibodies against 21OH, with or without concomitant clinical adrenocortical insufficiency (Wesche and others 2001; Tran and others 2008; Krysiak and others 2011). The gene discussed is IFNA1; the disease is viral infectious disease.