Furthermore, with the emergence of ALK as a molecular driver of a number of other cancer types, including non-small-cell lung cancer, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, breast cancer, retinoblastoma, colon carcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,53 we believe that detection of MSH2 phosphorylation at Y238 may be of great clinical and diagnostic significance. This evidence concerns the gene MSH2 and breast cancer.