INS and pancreatic adenocarcinoma: Additionally, an active role for NO/cGMP/cGKIα on MAPK phosphatase MKP-1 was previously reported in insulin-treated vascular smooth muscle cells [36], and another report showed that p42/p44 MAPK was a potential target of cGKI in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells, thereby inducing cellular proliferation [25].