TLR4 and rheumatoid arthritis: Thus, given the important role of spontaneous TLR2 signalling in synovial inflammation in RA [30] and reports that whilst TLR4 can preferentially couple to IL-6/IL-17 signalling, TLR2 signalling primarily results in IL-1β production in mice exposed to Mycoplasma arthritidis mitogen, a superantigen that induces inflammation resulting in arthritis, skin necrosis and shock [62], our microarray findings that TLR2, IL-1β and C5aR all appear to be targets of 12b in macrophages may further explain the differential protective effects of 12b and 11a in CIA.