Assessment of tissue lesions from patients with IgG4-RD showed that the levels of expression of the Th1 cytokine, IFN-γ, and the Th2 and inhibitory cytokines, IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), were all elevated compared with healthy controls [6]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing disease.